Human Function Aristotle’s Basis for Ethical Value Essay

Human Function: Aristotle’s Basis for Ethical Value I. Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics Depend on the Human Function Aristotle presents a system of virtue ethics in Nicomachean Ethics. This work presents a prescriptive theory with the aim of showing how humans may reach a proper state of happiness in which the natural human end is fulfilled. This end is regarded as an end in itself to which subordinate ends are related. This master end itself is understood as a type of activity rather than a state that can be achieved with a limited series of actions, and this activity is described as a general practice of acting well in accord with reason. The Ethics launches an inquiry into what makes human happiness, or eudaimonia, possible, and†¦show more content†¦The value of actions that may be performed or goods that may be acquired are measured by how well they will help the deciding agent to act virtuously, and the extremes and deficiencies of actions and goods are determined by whether they will maximize or minimize that value. To make this concept of value more concrete, we should consider what embodies the virtue of functioning well in accord with reason. For Aristotle, this means that virtue can be exercised either in a political life or a life of contemplation. The political life allows an exercise of reason about human affairs, so it exercises the human function and allows fulfillment of the human end. According to the Politics, the political life occurs in a sphere organized hierarchically above the village and household and is made possible when humans meet their needs at those lower levels. (However, the political sphere also makes decisions about how to meet needs more efficiently.) The political sphere is characterized by self-sufficiency. The life of contemplation, though, as introduced in Book I and discussed in Book X of the Ethics, is made possible when politics takes care of human affairs, and it is the superior of the two forms of virtuous lives. Contemplation is more godlike because it is t he purest exercise of reason free of the earthly conflicts that trouble the political sphere; it is the most continuous and most self-sufficient. This confirms Aristotle’s conception of the gods asShow MoreRelatedConstructing A Good Human Being : Ethics By Aristotle1594 Words   |  7 PagesConstructing a Good Human Being: Ethics by Aristotle Aristotle’s philosophy of ethics reflects the complexity of human action, deliberation, and human life in general. His philosophy provides a flexible basis for integrating the subjective and the objective. In the books Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes five intellectual virtues that help man to be a good human being: technical knowledge, scientific knowledge, philosophical wisdom, intuitive reasoning, and practical wisdom. These intellectualRead MoreThe Human Nature and Free Will848 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å"human nature† is vague and very broad, giving many philosophers the opportunity to try and apply a meaning to it. Throughout history, theories have ranged from having complete free will as a gift from God to having no human nature at all. Two particular theories that I’d like to analyze are Sigmund Freud’s psychological view and Aristotle’s ethical view. Although both Freud and Aristotle believe that the mind plays a key role in human nature, they differ in that one believes that thereRead MoreKant And Kant s Decision Procedures1143 Words   |  5 Pagesutilitarianism and Kantianism may result in conflict. Unlike utilitarians and Kantianism, Aristotle thinks that we must not abide by an application of rules, but instead an application of perceptions. According to Aristotle’s philosophy, more than just a moral-based theory is needed. Aristotle’s ethical theory, known as virtue ethics, is based on the concept of eudaimonia. Eudaimonia means to live well, or to live a good life. It is not a condition of emotional happiness, but rather a situation where oneRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics1408 Words   |  6 Pagesof human life was to achieve happiness, which is made possible by the cultivation of a just soul. Both of these ancient theories showcase the periods focus on individual happiness. The ancients focused more on the formation of virtue within an individual in order to better the community. In contrast, the contemporary theories focused more on the ethics of actions. This paper will argue that the ancient ethical theories are more useful and valuable to the Christian worldview. Plato’s ethical theoryRead MoreComparing The Theories Of Aristotle And Kants Theory Of Ethics884 Words   |  4 Pagesand Kant on the basis of ethics. I will be examining Aristotle’s theory of virtue in which his focus is â€Å"What is a Good Life† and Kant’s theory of deontological ethics in which the moral worth of an action lies in the duty upon which moral actions are engendered. To begin, Aristotles moral theory (theory of virtue) focuses on questions about what is good? His focus is What is the good life? What does it mean to be a good person? (Kemerling, Garth). Two key facets within Aristotles theory are theRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Happy Life1585 Words   |  7 Pagesthat could prolong human life and even abortion. Our reactions to issues like these reflect whether or not we have good moral values, or virtues, which lead to a bigger question: does the development of virtue lead to moral truth of a happy life? Although Aristotle does not believe you can be born with virtues, I believe that we, as humans, already have virtuous instincts from birth to know how to act morally and fulfill ultimate happiness. In Aristotle’s best known ethical work, The NicomacheanRead MoreIntroduction. Civic Relationships Are A Very Crucial Issue1968 Words   |  8 Pagesmain objectives of an organization are achieved in an ethical manner. Until the late 17th century, Aristotle’s philosophical approach dominated the focus of relationships in the society (Natali Carlo, 2009). His main contribution was on the virtues, happiness, deliberation, justice and happiness. Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationships Aristotle gives the definition of happiness which he referred it as eudemonia as, the best part of life a human being can ever enjoy and can possibly have. This philosophicalRead MoreMaking Rational and Moral Decisions as an Adolescent Essay1760 Words   |  8 Pagesmorals, values and reason that are the roots of their very existence and not have to resort to acting out of their desire to be accepted. I feel a sense of sadness because I know in my own life, I have developed a moral system that allows me to make decisions without a question or doubt. It is this system that allows me to face situations with the knowledge that I will come out ahead. It is true that the majority of what I believe to be moral can be attributed to my parents and the values they haveRead MoreThere Are Several Similarities Between Aristotle And Confucius1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnever left to stand   alone; he who has it always have neighbors† (Analects 4.25). According to human nature everyone needs a friend even rich people and those in possession of the office of dominating power. In poverty and misfortunes, men think friends are the only refuge.   Confucius identifies trust as the most important virtue among friends. Trust is such a fundamental virtue that it could serve as the basis of all virtues. Aristotle affirms that virtues and goodness build a true friendship that isRead MoreWhy C heating Is Unethical Essay1843 Words   |  8 Pageseveryone should agree that cheating is a detrimental action that should not be encouraged. In order to achieve this lofty goal, my paper has been arranged into three major sections with four subsections. The first segment will address each of the ethical standpoints by their respective founders, in their own subsections, as well as how cheating violates each perspective. In the second section, I will state my opinion on how to confront the situation of students using â€Å"paper mills† and cheating in

How Does The Governmental Transfer Of Power Impacts...

How does the governmental transfer of power impacts wildlife and the workforces that conserve and protect wildlife? The United States government is constantly rotating officials in control of regulating previous and developing laws, forming future concepts and regulations on various assemblies, and striving to improve the lives of the American citizens. However, the ever changing governmental powers may cause a positive or negative impact on wildlife conservation and policy, due to varying opinions of the governmental officials formerly in command, contrasted with the present government officials in power. This may develop contrasting concepts on former, future, and present laws within the Environmental Protection Agency, United States†¦show more content†¦The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is charged with the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. This agency is comprised of many affairs, such as the enforcement of federal wildlife laws, endangered spe cies conservation, and managing the nation’s five hundred sixty national wildlife refuges (Allgov, 2017). The National Parks Service oversees managing the natural resources of the United States’ fifty-nine national parks (Allgov, 2017). The regulations and policies that govern these different agencies have changed drastically as different presidents have come in and out of office. Theodore Roosevelt, for example, created the Unites States Forest Service as a part of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 (DOI, 2017). During his presidency, he reserved millions of acres, through executive orders, and turned it into national forests, including what is known as the Midnight Forests (FWS, 2017). The midnight forests are forests created by Theodore Roosevelt. President Roosevelt created the midnight forests as one last executive order before he signed an amendment to the nation’s land laws, which removed the power of the president to set aside land for national parks and for est with executive order (NPS, 2017). This amendment arose due to the special interest groups, loggers, and cattlemen who lost land from President Roosevelt’s executive orders (FWS, 2017). Also, additional policies commenced to be established towards conservation and protection forShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages 12.4] 10.3.3.1 Lessons learned [8.3.3.4] 9.4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements

Literature Review on Http Session Hijacking

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review on Http Session Hijacking. Answer: Introduction HTTP session hijacking is a form of hacking into the system for extracting the information regarding the computer web surfing session (Sum Keng Chung et al., 2014). The hackers would exploit the cookie session of the system for gaining the access to services and information in the computer system. Another term, theft of magic cookie has been given to the HTTP session hijacking (Yogesh Mundada et al., 2014). The HTTP cookies that is used for maintaining the particular web server and login session of the users can be hacked into for extracting the information from it. The use of intermediary computers would be used by the attacker for accessing the saved information in form of cookies. The following assignment has been made for forming the literature review on the topic of HTTP session hijacking form the available literatures. It would exclude the technical details and process included for the HTTP session hijacking. The different attacks on the computer session and its vitality would be highlighted in the following report. The available literatures are prone to provide a description on the increased HTTP session hijacking and their impact on users personal data. However, the final section of the review would provide the summary of the complete literature on HTTP session hijacking. Preventives for HTTP Session Hijacking on users The HTTP session hijacking has been the most prominent issue for the users and it has affected the operations of the user sessions (Weaver et al., 2013). The web session would have to be controlled for protecting the occurrence of attack. The use of SALT (sequence number alteration by the use of logical transformation) would be useful for protecting and defending the HTTP session hijacking (Nishanth Babu, 2014). Different types of methods should be used for protecting the HTTP session hijacking for different users. Selection of Research Topic The selection of any research topic is based on the interest of the individual doing the research. It is important for making sure that the topic selected for the research purpose must be collateral and there should be ample amount of previous literature available on the research topic (Raymond Lukanta, 2014). There are some principles that must be followed for selecting any topic for research and performing research on it. They are: Brainstorming of ideas- it helps in forming an overview of the research plan of collaborative environments and forming frontline techniques for vulnerabilities of web application (Shashank et al., 2013). The brainstorming of ideas would form a cognitive research overview of how an individual should proceed with the research topic. Accumulation of background information- The accumulation and collection of available information and data on the research topic is another important factor for the development of the research paper and forming a review on the available information. Focusing on crucial aspects- The research should focus on important facts and figures of the research topic. Unnecessary data and information (mere statements without any proof of existence) should be omitted from the research. Flexibility in research methodology- It is important for being flexible in the research methodology used (Mei et al., 2013). As it is possible that sometimes the research would require practical data analysis while on the other hand theoretical data should have to be used. Making a theory discussion- The important data and information should be accumulated and used for making a thesis discussion. The discussion should be elaborated to cover all the important and crucial points of the research on preventive measures for HTTP session hijacking. Available Literatures on HTTP Session Hijacking The HTTP session hijacking would be more formidable for attacking the progress of user web server utilization (Bursztein et al., 2012). The secure web server login would be helpful for dealing with the HTTP session hijacking. The goal of the secure login would be to deal with the hacking of users session along with personal data and information (Hanmanthu et al., 2015). The discussion of the report would be based on the analysis of the available literature and articles on the HTTP session hijacking. The discussion would be ordered on the basis of its importance and proof of statements. The analysis of the preventive measures is conceptual and it has been done by analyzing the various facts and data collected from different sources. The generation of session ID, encryption and comparison of cookies would be helpful for forming the security of wireless networks. A strong and encrypted session would help in formation of prevention models (Manivannan Sathiyamoorthy, 2014). The sections headings that would be used are the title of the 3 articles that would be used for forming the literature review. The client authorisation process for the modern web surfing structure can also be used for protecting the occurrence of HTTP session hijacking (Mundada et al., 2014). The New apparatus works the treats sets into two for testing. One set is the login treats and the second set is the non-sign in cookies. Newton tests the treats sets from top and the second treat set from the base in a rotating pattern. The Newton calculation stops where there are no more treat sets left to test. Newton decides the confirmation treats from the client sign in and client log out example Relation of Available Literature on HTTP Session Hijacking The use of automatic and robust protection for cookie based sessions would be helpful for providing the client side protection. The solution has been named as the one time cookies and it can be used for preventing the attacks on users information (Dacosta et al., 2011). The session of the user would be kept and stored secretly without any expensive synchronization requirement. The implementation of O. T. P. would be plugged in on the platform of word pres. The issue of HTTP session hijacking could be dealt by improving the security of web applications session management (De Ryck,P et al., 2014). The solution of the problem is based on the light weight mechanism. An unknown key value is infused between the server and the program and it keeps an attacker from assuming control over the client's session, as the key can't be transmitted or acquired easily. The security properties are observed to be upgraded and raise the level of security for HTTP organizations. The components like HTTP session, flags, browser model, and feather weight Firefox would be helpful for protecting the cookie based session (Bugliesi et al., 2014). The session is the most vital sort of assault in systems. These assaults are propelled by fake get to focuses. The fundamental target of this paper to recognize the fake get to focuses with the utilization of server hubs in the system. We likewise propose in giving security for IP satirizing utilizing scrambled calculation. Another method that can be used for protecting the IP spoofing and session hijacking is by using the sensor nodes (Abhishek Kumar Bharathi, 2014). The specialists have concentrated the broken verification assaults and the sessions administration assaults in awesome profundity and clarified the procedure of the interruptions that occur. The preventive measures have additionally been proposed by the analysts in the review which is a choice of existing preventive measures accessible today. Hence, it can be said that all the literatures available are based on the verification of designs and adaptability of new tools for the prevention of HTTP session hijacking. It would result in extraction of personal information from the user web session. According to Thiago Rocha (2014), the web surfing store the information in forms of cookies and the hackers get into the webs server system for accessing the information and use it for their personal use. Justification of the Assignment with the Research Available The research paper has been able to assist in making and distinctly analyzing the preventive measures for HTTP session hijacking for the operations of the business organizations and human use. The study has been done by concentrating on the development of the preventive measures for HTTP session hijacking and support ease of web server processing. The assignment has been done by focusing on the issues faced by the users due to the issue of HTTP session hijacking on the web service storage. The study had shown the critical evaluation of the issues of HTTP session hijacking. The research done in this assignment would be helpful for providing an overview on the preventive measures for HTTP session hijacking. Conclusion The review of the various literatures would result in finding the implementing methods for the preventions of HTTP session hijacking. The use of preventive methods plays a crucial role for considering all the safety measures, achieve the security considerations, supported the foundation of solutions for preventing HTTP session hijacking. The use of different source routed packets for IP configuration would be helpful for supporting the network participation and encouragement of IP packets to pass through Bs machine. The study would be helpful for the development of an idea of the preventive measures for HTTP session hijacking and its implications in the development of commercial operations. The research has been done in conceptual methodology for the study purpose. The conceptual analysis of the HTTP session hijacking was based on the available studies and articles. The critical analysis on the topic has yielded the benefits and drawbacks of the commercial usage of preventions for HTTP session hijacking. The structure for the research includes a basic introduction for defining the topic of study, data collection methods, evaluation of the available literature, forming a thesis of the topic, and concluding the topic. References Abhishek Kumar Bharathi, m. c. (21014). prevention of session hijacking and IP spoofing with sensor nodes and cryptographic approach. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR). Bugliesi, M., Calzavara,S., Focardi, R.,andKhan,W.(2014) Automatic and RobustClient-Side Protection for Cookie-Based Sessions,pp:161-168,Pdf.,retrieved on Dec 9th 2016 Bursztein,E.,Soman,C.Boneh,D. Mitchell,J.C.(2012) Session Juggler: Secure WebLogin From an Untrusted Terminal Using Session Hijacking,978(1) 321-330 Pdf. retrieved on Dec 8th 2016 Dacosta, I., Chakradeo, S., Ahamad, M., Traynor, P. (2011). One-time cookies: Preventing session hijacking attacks with disposable credentials. De Ryck,P., Desmet,L., Piessens,F., Joosen,W.(2014) Improving the Security ofSession Management in Web Applications,pp:1-13,Pdf. retrieved on Dec 8th 2016 Hanmanthu, B., Ram , R., Niranjan , P. (2015). Decision tree classification. SQL Injection Attack Prevention Based on Decision tree classification, 1-5. Manivannan, S. Sathiyamoorthy, E. (2014). A Prevention Model for Session Hijack Attacks in Wireless Networks Using Strong and Encrypted Session ID.Cybernetics And Information Technologies, 14(3). Mundada, Y., Feamster, N., Krishnamurthy, B., Guha, S., Levin, D. (2014). Half-Baked Cookies: Client Authentication on the Modern Web. Nagpal, B., Chauhan, N. Singh, Nanhay., Shatma,P.( 2014) Preventive Measures for Securing Web Applications using Broken Authentication and Session Management Attacks: a Study, 24(81) 1-3, Discovery, retrieved on Dec 9th 2016 Nishanth, N. Babu, S. (2014). Sequence Number Alteration by Logical Transformation (SALT): A Novel Method for Defending Session Hijacking Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Network. International Journal Of Computer And Communication Engineering, 3(5), 338-342. Raymond Lukanta, Y. A. (2014). Scanning tool for session management vulnerabilities. A Vulnerability Scanning Tool for session management vulnerabilities, 6. Shashank, K., Shah, P., Bhavsar, K., Gandhi, S. (2013). Frontline Techniques to Prevent Web Application Vulnerability. International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer Science And Electronics Engineering (IJARCSEE), 2(2), 2-5. Sum Keng Chung, Ow Chee Yee, Manmeet Mahinderjit Singh, Rohail Hassan. (2014). Preventing session hijacking. SQL Injections Attack attack and session hijacking on E-learning systems, 5. Thiago S. Rocha, E. S. (2014). ETSS detector tool. ETSSDetector: a tool to automatically detect CrossSite scripting vulnerabilities. Weaver, N., Kreibich, C., Dam,M., PaxsonV. (2013)Here Be Web Proxies,PP: 1-10,Pdf., retrieved on Dec 9th 2016 Yogesh Mundada, Y. Feamster,N., Krishnamurthy,B, Guha,S. Levin,D.(2014) Half-Baked Cookies: Client Authentication on the Modern Web, pp1-6 pdf.,retrieved on Dec 9th 2016

Gender Bias in the courtroom Essay Example For Students

Gender Bias in the courtroom Essay Although there have been many changes in our society concerning discrimination against ones gender, there is still one area that has yet to change. If we take a man and a woman convicted of the same crime, it is very likely that the man will receive a more callous sentence. Since the beginning of the colonial era, 20,000 people have been lawfully executed in America, but only 400 of them have been women, including 27 who were found guilty of witchcraft. In the 23 years since the Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment, 5,569 total death sentences have been given out by courts, 112 to women. Of these 112, only one has been executed, compared with 301 men. Leigh Beinen, a Northwestern University law professor who studies the gender bias in capital cases nationwide, thinks the reason so few women face execution has to do with the symbolism thats central to the death penalty. She said, Capital punishment is about portraying people as devils, but women are usually seen as less threatening. In 1977, Guinevere Garcia murdered her daughter, and later received a 10-year sentence for the killing. Four months after her release, she killed her husband during a robbery attempt. This time, the court imposed the death penalty. Garcia had refused to appeal her sentence, and opposed efforts to save her. Death penalty opponents turned to Illinois Gov. Jim Edgar who as a state legislator, voted to restore the death penalty. The facts of the case swayed his opinion and just hours before the scheduled execution, Edgar commuted Garcias sentence to life without parole, his first such act in more than five years in office. Juries and judges tend to find more justifying factors in capital cases involving women than in ones involving men, Beinen explains. Women who kill abusive spouses, for example, are often seen as victims. Women are more likely to kill someone they know without any premeditation, which is considered less serious than killing a stranger, while some women are presented by defense attorneys as operating under the domination of men. And Garcias case, according to Edgar, was not the worst of the worst. According to a study conducted by Victor Streib, an expert on gender bias, has shown that women are involved in 13 percent of U.S. murder arrests, they account for only 2 percent of the death sentences, and make up only 1. 5 percent of all persons presently on death row. Those last two figures have remained just about the same for 20 years. Streib says that prosecutors try to defeminize defendants by portraying them as lesbians, even if theyre not, or prone to violence, gang leaders or having other traits contrary to natural female patterns. But prosecutors still have a tough time overcoming defense tactics that include profuse crying, bodily shaking, and a head hung in shame. By using this style of defense, it lumps women in with the retarded and children by implying that they cant control their own actions.